Nano-titanium dioxide induced cardiac injury in rat under oxidative stress

In contrast with the no adverse effect of TiO2 for healthy rat heart, TiO2 NMs in conjunction with OS conditions synergistically led to obvious pathological changes (e.g., vacuolar degeneration and myocardium necrosis) of rat myocardium, as well as increased levels of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB in alloxan treated rats.