Levels and sources of volatile organic compounds including carbonyls in indoor air of homes of Puertollano, the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. Estimation of health risk

Twenty nine organic air pollutants including carbonyl compounds, alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenes were measured in the indoor environment of different houses together with the corresponding outdoor measurements in Puertollano, the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. VOCs were sampled during 8 weeks using Radiello® passive samplers, and a questionnaire on potential VOCs sources was filled out by the occupants. The results show that formaldehyde and hexanal was the most abundant VOCs measured in indoor air, with a median concentration of 55.5 and 46.4 μg m−3, respectively followed by butanal (29.1 μg m−3), acetone (28.4 μg m−3) and acetaldehyde (21.4 μg m−3). After carbonyls, n-dodecane (13.1 μg m−3) and terpenes (α-pinene, 13.4 μg m−3 and limonene, 13.4 μg m−3) were the compounds with higher median concentrations. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios demonstrated that sources in the indoor environment are prevailing for most of the investigated VOCs especially for limonene, α-pinene, hexanal, formaldehyde, pentanal, acetaldehyde, o-xylene, n-dodecane and acetone with I/O ratio >6. Multiple linear regressions were applied to investigate the indoor VOC determinants and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to establish common sources between VOCs. Finally, the lifetime cancer risk associated to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzene exposure was estimated and they varied from 7.8 × 10−5 to 4.1 × 10−4 for formaldehyde, from 8.6 × 10−6 to 3.5 × 10−5 for acetaldehyde and from 2.0 × 10−6 to 1.5 × 10−5 for benzene. For formaldehyde, the attributed risk in most sampled homes was two orders of magnitude higher than the one (10−6) proposed as acceptable by risk management bodies.