High-concentration of BMP2 reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis via DKK1 and SOST in human primary periosteal cells

► Human periosteum-derived cells were harvested from patients. ► High-concentration BMP2 reduced cell number and increased cell apoptosis, which were not seen after low-concentration BMP2 treatment. ► High-concentration BMP2 reduced Wnt activity and increased DKK1 and SOST in human periosteal cells.