Comparative molecular assessment of early osseointegration in implant-adherent cells

► In vivo evaluation revealed that superimposing nanoscale features on endosseous titanium surfaces alters the early molecular events involved in osseointegration. ► This in vivo model allows for detailed gene profiling that reveals possible early events impacting the implant/bone interface. ► Both immune regulatory gene profiles (downregulation) and skeletal/ossification gene profiles (upregulation) changed in a nanoscale-dependent manner.