A study on the association of TNF-α-308, IL-6-174, IL-10-1082 and IL-1RaVNTR gene polymorphisms with rheumatic heart disease in Pakistani patients

► We studied the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with RHD. ► The TNF-α-308 and IL-6-174 polymorphisms were associated with RHD. ► These may be useful markers for RHD susceptibility in the Pakistani population. ► Susceptible individuals may benefit from aggressive prophylactic intervention.