Qualitatively different immune response of the bumblebee host, Bombus terrestris, to infection by different genotypes of the trypanosome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi

- Infected bumblebees with different genotypes of a trypanosome parasite or bacteria.
- Different genotypes of trypanosome induced markedly different expression of immune genes.
- One trypanosome genotype produced a 'bacteria-like' response.
- We discuss synergistic and antagonistic patterns of immune expression.

Insects have a complex and highly successful immune system that responds specifically to different types of parasites. Different genotypes of a parasite species can differ in infectivity and virulence; which is important for host-parasite co-evolutionary processes, such as antagonistic, fluctuating selection. Such coevolution obviously requires a genetic basis, but little is known about how hosts immunologically respond to different genotypes. The common European bumblebee Bombus terrestris is infected by the highly prevalent trypanosome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. Here we examined expression of 26 immunological and metabolic genes in response to infection by two clones of C. bombi and compared that with exposure to injection with a bacterial challenge. Exposure to the two clones of C. bombi elicits qualitatively different immune expression responses. Interestingly, infection with one clone results in up regulation of AMP's similar to bees given the bacterial challenge, while genes related to metabolism, signalling, and other effectors were similar between the two Crithidia exposures. Bees given different challenges were distinct enough to discern using linear discriminant analyses. We also found strong correlations, both positive and negative, among genes, which may shed light on how suites of genes are regulated and trade-offs in expression within this gene set.