Immobilization of naringin onto chitosan substrates by using ozone activation

- By ozonation, active peroxides were created and naringin was immobilized onto chitosan.
- The ozone treatment increased the intermolecular forces between chitosan and naringin, resulting in slow release of immobilized naringin and minimizing cytotoxicity.
- Cell viability and osteogenic differentiation, including expressions of alkaline phosphatase, type-I collagen, bone siloprotein and osteocalcin, were promoted by immobilized naringin.
- The immobilized naringin on ozonated chitosan substrates initiated bone morphogenetic protein-Smad signaling by activating receptor Smad and by suppressing inhibitory Smad.