Signal quality and Bayesian signal processing in neurofeedback based on real-time fMRI

► Real-time fMRI can analyze and visualize localized brain activity online. ► The feedback signal is contaminated with linear and non-linear noise. ► Signal quality analysis emphasized the necessity for additional signal processing. ► Bayesian approach reduced noise and removed artifacts in real-time. ► Instantaneous CNR was around 1 even after filtering suggesting the need of averaging.