Time course and spatial distribution of fMRI signal changes during single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex

►A spatiotemporal pattern of fMRI signals was scrutinized during single-pulse TMS. ►TMS evoked comparable fMRI signals to those during motor/sensory tasks overall. ►Yet, undershoot was evident only in the stimulated M1 during the subthreshold TMS. ►Suprathrehsold TMS-evoked activity overlapped with that related to muscle afferents.