Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

► Problems of polymeric membranes: high hydrophobicity, biofouling, low fluxes. ► Nanoparticles: silver, iron, zirconium, silica, aluminium, and titanium based. ► Nanoparticles affect permeability, selectivity, hydrophilicity, and conductivity. ► Also affect mechanical strength, thermal stability, and antibacterial properties. ► Nanoparticles also might deteriorate the performances of the membranes.