The optimal MBR configuration: Hybrid versus stand-alone - Comparison between three full-scale MBRs treating municipal wastewater

► Impact of MBR configurations on operation, performance, energy consumption and economy was evaluated. ► The principle configuration choice, i.e., hybrid or stand-alone, largely impacts the overall MBR functioning. ► Stand-alone MBR is more vulnerable to rapid changes compared to the hybrid configurations. ► Serial hybrid MBR provides operational flexibility and stable conditions for the activated sludge. ► Serial hybrid MBR ensures stable operation at energy and cost efficient conditions.