Synthesis and characterization of low content of different SiO2 materials composite poly (vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes

►Compared with the structure and performance of P-N and P-M. ►P-N possessed higher water flux and a slight decline of BSA retention. ►Better mechanical stability and antifouling performance for P-M. ►Both P-N and P-M had typical asymmetric morphology and improved thermal stability.