Fear conditioning is associated with dynamic directed functional interactions between and within the human amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal lobe

▶Human amygdala, hippocampus and frontal lobes process nociceptive inputs during fear conditioning. ▶Causal influences are exerted between amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal lobes. ▶Causal influences are also exerted within the hippocampus and amygdala. ▶Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex exerts causal influences upon amygdala. ▶These interactions change with time and stages of fear conditioning. ▶The network subserving fear includes dynamic distributed and local networks.