Developing a set of simulation-based indicators to assess harmfulness and contribution to biodiversity of weed communities in cropping systems

- Weeds are harmful for crop production but feed neutral/beneficial organisms.
- We developed indicators to assess weed harmfulness and contribution to biodiversity.
- Cropping systems identified in surveys were simulated with a weed dynamics model.
- Weed harmfulness sporadically increased with increasing weed-related biodiversity.
- There are cropping systems that reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity.