Residents' resource uses and nature conservation in Band-e-Amir National Park, Afghanistan

In 2009 the scenic Band-e-Amir Lakes and surrounding landscapes (2800-3800 m elevation) were declared Afghanistan׳s first national park (BANP) with the hope that the lakes will eventually attract tourists at levels as before the war period (1979-2001). The area is rich in plant species, and was formerly populated by ibex and urial. Today fauna is impoverished and vegetation (mostly mountain steppe) is degraded due to intensive livestock grazing, dryland agriculture, and shrub collection. BANP was created in collaboration with local residents (~800 families), and longer-term plans are to upgrade biological qualities of landscapes whilst improving residents' livelihoods. To provide baselines for adequate management plans, a survey of 116 households was conducted in 15 villages. Most families were subsistent agro-pastoralists. Population growth was ~2.2% annually. Estimates of mostly free-ranging livestock populations were ~19,900 sheep and goats, ~2500 cattle, and ~2100 donkeys and horses. Grazing impacts were evident, especially near villages. Families collected ~3.1 t of shrubs and ~0.4 t of cattle dung annually as biofuel. Estimates indicated that ≥0.7% of BANP area was cleared of shrubs annually. Dryland agriculture covered ~3.4% area. Other resource uses (collection of reed, medicinal plants, hunting, fishing) were assessed. Further research is needed on spatial patterns of resource exploitation and vegetation ecology. Promotion of alternative energy sources could alleviate pressures on shrub resources. Steep lands should be better protected (possibly fenced) from livestock and human impacts. Environmental workshops with residents and integration of locals in research projects could enhance management effectiveness and acceptance of park rules.