کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
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6318639 | 1619198 | 2013 | 5 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |

We determined the first nationwide inventories of alkylphenol surfactants in U.S. sewage sludges (SS) using samples from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2001 national SS survey. Additionally, analysis of archived 3-year outdoor mesocosm samples served to determine chemical fates in SS-amended soil. Nonylphenol (NP) was the most abundant analyte (534 ± 192 mg/kg) in SS composites, followed by its mono- and di-ethoxylates (62.1 ± 28 and 59.5 ± 52 mg/kg, respectively). The mean annual load of NP and its ethoxylates in SS was estimated at 2408-7149 metric tonnes, of which 1204-4289 is applied on U.S. land. NP compounds showed observable loss from SS/soil mixtures (1:2), with mean half-lives ranging from 301 to 495 days. Surfactant levels in U.S. SS ten-times in excess of European regulations, substantial releases to U.S. soils, and prolonged half-lives found under field conditions, all argue for the U.S. to follow Europe's move from 20 years ago to regulate these chemicals.
⺠First national survey of alkylphenol surfactants in U.S. sewage sludges. ⺠Nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates were consistently detected in all samples. ⺠Levels of NP in U.S. biosolids exceed regulatory limit set by European Union. ⺠Significant surfactant releases to U.S. soils via biosolids land application. ⺠Half-lives >300 days for NP and its ethoxylates observed in outdoor soil mesocosms.
Journal: Environmental Pollution - Volume 174, March 2013, Pages 189-193