Human health risk assessment, congener specific analysis and spatial distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) through rice crop from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan

- Pioneer study to report OCPs in rice from Punjab Province, Pakistan
- Risks to human well beings via consumption of rice grains were assessed.
- Potential carcinogenic risks to humans were observed.

To evaluate the screening level risk assessment of OCPs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw (n = 20) and rice grains (n = 20), samples were collected from different districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. ∑ OCPs' levels (ng g− 1) in rice straw and grains ranged from 3.63 to 39.40, 2.72 to 49.89, respectively. DDTs were found predominant over the other detected OCP isomers followed by HCH and heptachlor. Results of one way ANOVA reflected no significant difference for OCPs' levels among sampling sites, except heptachlor for rice grains. ∑ OCPs' concentration in rice straw samples was exceeding the minimal residual levels (MRLs) (Australian and Japanese). Results of dietary intake and risk assessment suggested that rice straw is not safe for animals to consume as fodder. Human health was suggested to have some carcinogenic risks by consumption of rice grains, however, no considerable hazardous risk (non-carcinogenic) to human health was found.