Frequencies of heavy metal resistance are associated with land cover type in the Upper Mississippi River

- Resistance to Cd, Cr, and Mn was associated with developed land cover.
- Resistance to Hg and Zn was associated with forested land cover.
- Nutrient concentrations and bacterial orders were poorly related to resistance.
- Bacterial resistance to Cd2 +, Cr3 +, Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Mn2 +, and Zn2 + was low.
- Land cover type is a main driver of heavy metal resistance patterns.

Taxonomic compositions of freshwater bacterial communities have been well-characterized via metagenomic and amplicon-based approaches, especially next-generation sequencing. However, functional diversity of these communities remains less well-studied. Various anthropogenic sources are known to impact the bacterial community composition in freshwater riverine systems and potentially alter functional diversity. In this study, high-throughput functional screening of large (~ 10,000 clones) fosmid libraries representing communities in the Upper Mississippi River revealed low frequencies of resistance to heavy metals in the following order: Mn2 + > Cr3 + > Zn2 + > Cd2 + > Hg2 +. No resistance to Cu2 + was detected. Significant, but weak, correlations were observed between resistance frequencies of Cd and Cr with developed land cover (r2 = 0.08, P = 0.016 and r = 0.07, P = 0.037, respectively). While discriminant function analyses further supported these associations, redundancy analysis further indicated associations with forested land cover and greater resistance to Hg and Zn. Nutrient and metal ion concentrations and abundances of bacterial orders were poorly correlated with heavy metal resistance, except for an association of Pseudomonadales abundance and resistance to Hg and Zn. Taken together, results of this study suggest that allochthonous bacteria contributed from specific land cover types influence the patterns of metal resistance throughout this river.