Development of a polydimethylsiloxane-thymol/nitroprusside composite based sensor involving thymol derivatization for ammonium monitoring in water samples

- PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite is a new delivery composite for NH4+ estimation
- PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite is based on thymol derivatization reaction
- PDMS-NH4+ sensor allows NH4+ qualitative and quantitative monitoring in waters
- PDMS-NH4+ sensor simplifies the measurements and avoids hazardous reagent preparation
- Comparison of the PDMS-NH4+ sensor with well-established NH4+ determination methods

This report describes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-thymol/nitroprusside delivery composite sensor for direct monitoring of ammonium in environmental water samples. The sensor is based on a PDMS support that contains the Berthelot's reaction reagents. To prepare the PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite discs, thymol and nitroprusside have been encapsulated in the PDMS matrix, forming a reagent release support which significantly simplifies the analytical measurements, since it avoids the need to prepare derivatizing reagents and sample handling is reduced to the sampling step. When, the PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite was introduced in water samples spontaneous release of the chromophore and catalyst was produced, and the derivatization reaction took place to form the indothymol blue. Thus, qualitative analysis of NH4+ could be carried out by visual inspection, but also, it can be quantified by measuring the absorbance at 690 nm. These portable devices provided good sensitivity (LOD < 0.4 mg L− 1) and reproducibility (RSD < 10%) for the rapid detection of ammonium. The PDMS-NH4+ sensor has been successfully applied to determine ammonium in water samples and in the aqueous extracts of particulate matter PM10 samples. Moreover, the reliability of the method for qualitative analysis has been demonstrated. Finally, the advantages of the PDMS-NH4+ sensor have been examined by comparing some analytical and complementary characteristics with the properties of well-established ammonium determination methods.