The influence of governmental mitigation measures on contamination characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing

- The influence of governmental mitigation measures on PM2.5 was investigated.
- Source apportionment of PM2.5 was analyzed by principle component analysis.
- Concentrations of traffic-related elements varied with the restiveness of measures.
- Steel-related elements were reduced after relocation of the Capital Steel Company.
- Pollution peaks before implementation of the respective measures were observed.

Beijing, the capital of China, has become one of the most air-polluted cities due to its rapid economic growth. Weekly PM2.5 samples-collected continuously from 2007 to 2010-were used to study the contamination characteristics of atmospheric particles and effects of governmental mitigation measures especially since the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. PM2.5 mass concentrations during the sampling period were reduced compared to the previous studies before 2005, although they were still too high in comparison with environmental standards of China and many other countries as well as WHO standards. Results of principle component analysis show that elements of primary anthropogenic origin had an obvious decline while elements mainly from the natural environment kept a relatively stable course. The governmental macro-control measures influenced both anthropogenic and geogenic sources, but they also led to some pollution peaks prior to implementation of the respective measures. Some element concentrations correlated to the restrictiveness of relative measures, especially during different traffic restrictions. The comparison with other countries and international standards shows that there is a long way to go in order to improve air quality in Beijing, and that governmental mitigation measures need to be continued and reinforced.