Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils

► Total content based assessment of soil metals may overestimate their health risks. ► Metal bioaccessibility should be incorporated into urban soil risk assessments. ► Land use types affect human health risks of contaminated soils significantly. ► Non-cancer hazard of soil Pb to children via oral ingestion is still a key issue. ► Cancer risks were mainly contributed by Cr and Pb via dermal and oral pathways.