Improved hydrodynamic permeability and antifouling properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes using polydopamine nanoparticles as additives

Scheme for mixture of PVDF and PDA nanoparticles and subsequent preparation of PVDF/PDA blend membranes (PVDF: poly(vinylidene fluoride); NIPS: non-solvent induced phase separation).116