Diurnal, seasonal, and annual trends in atmospheric CO2 at southwest London during 2000-2012: Wind sector analysis and comparison with Mace Head, Ireland

Meteorology can strongly modify the CO2 mole fractions at different time scales. Analysis of eight 45° wind sectors shows that the highest CO2 mole fractions were recorded from the E and SE sectors. Lowest mole fractions were observed for air masses from the S and SW. Back-trajectory and meteorological analyses of the data confirm that the dominant sources of CO2 are anthropogenic emissions from London and SE England. The largest annual rate of increase in the annual average of CO2, 3.26 ppm yr−1 (p < 0.05), was for the W sector with a smaller increase, 2.56 ppm yr−1 (p < 0.05), for the E sector. Calm winds showed an annual growth rate of 1.16 ppm yr−1 CO2 (p < 0.05) implying declining local sources. The EGH site shows an average growth rate of 2.5 ppm yr−1 CO2 (p < 0.05) over the measured period, which exceeds the observed global trend and contrasts with the decrease in CO2 emissions reported in UK greenhouse gas inventories. This is presumably because the region has had higher growth in combustion emissions than the global average, though the low growth rate in calm weather implies the local emissions have grown more slowly. The seasonal cycle at EGH had larger amplitudes than those recorded at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station (MHD) on the W coast of Ireland. Overall, the growth rate observed in annual average CO2 at EGH was larger than that at MHD by about 0.5 ppm yr−1.