Anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of cadmium in China

In this study, we estimated atmospheric Cd emissions from anthropogenic sources in China from 1990 to 2010 on the basis of consumption or output data and emission factors. China emitted approximately 2186 t Cd to the atmosphere in 2010, with approximately 77% and 14% of the emissions arising from non-ferrous metal smelting and coal combustion, respectively. Temporal changes in the total Cd emissions were characterized by two periods of increase (1990-2000 and 2001-2010) and a short period of decrease (2000-2001) due to application of energy-saving and cleaner production technologies. Overall, atmospheric Cd emissions increased from 474 t in 1990 to 2186 t in 2010 due to rapid economic growth, whereas energy-saving and cleaner production technologies have been in use since 2000. Spatial distribution of the atmospheric Cd emissions was dominated primarily by non-ferrous metal smelting and coal combustion. Emissions are high in Hunan and Yunnan Provinces because of high production non-ferrous metal smelting and in Shandong Province because of high coal consumption and moderate non-ferrous metal production.