Effects of light duty gasoline vehicle emission standards in the United States on ozone and particulate matter

► Simulations of the incremental benefits of successive US LDV emissions standards. ► Tier 1, Tier 2, hypothetical nationwide LEV III standard and zero-out LDV scenario. ► Calculated ozone and PM reductions assuming each standard is prevailing in 2022. ► Tier 2 to LEV III switch offers very small benefit compared to Tier 1 to 2 change. ► Benefit of eliminating LDVs is smaller than the benefit from Tier 1 to 2 transition.