Fouling phenomena during membrane filtration of microalgae

► Whole algal cells are not the primary foulant for tested MF and UF membranes. ► Microparticles (bacteria or cell debris) appear to be the main cause of fouling. ► Internal pore plugging may be responsible for significant irreversible resistance. ► Low-flux operation allows for more energy-efficient filtration. ► Maintain healthy cultures via loose MF fractionation to remove microparticles.