Fundamentals of semi-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane formation and its prospects for biofuel (ethanol and acetone) separation via pervaporation

► PVDF membranes with superior properties were fabricated via mixed solvent systems. ► Cell structures of membranes can be tailored by varying the evaporation temperature. ► Membranes cast from NMP/THF mixed solvent and evaporation showed better performance.