Application of glassy carbon electrode modified with a carbon nanoparticle/melamine thin film for voltammetric determination of raloxifene

- Glassy carbon electrode is modified with a thin film of melamine/carbon nanoparticles.
- The modified electrode surface was characterized by SEM, impedance and voltammetric techniques.
- The prepared modified electrode is applied for the sensitive voltammetric determination of Raloxifene (RXF).
- The modified electrode showed a wide linear dynamic range with a nano-molar detection limit for the voltammetric determination of RXF.

As a selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene (RXF) prevent of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by estrogenic actions on bone and decreases the risk of invasive breast cancer by anti-estrogenic actions on the breast and uterus tissue. However, RXF may increase the risk of blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. For the first time glassy carbon electrode modified with a thin film of melamine/carbon nanoparticles (CNPs/Mela) was constructed and used for the sensitive voltammetric determination of RXF. In comparison with unmodified electrode, the presence of the CNPs/Mela film resulted in a remarkable increase in the peak currents and sharpness of the waves, so that sub-micromolar concentrations of RXF became detectable. The surface morphology of the modified electrode, prepared by drop-casting of the CNPs/Mela suspension on the GCE surface, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical response characteristics of the modified electrode toward RXF were studied by means of cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Experimental variables, such as the deposited amount of the modifier suspension, pH of the supporting electrolyte, the accumulation time and the potential scan rate were optimized by monitoring the electrochemical responses of RXF. Under the optimum conditions, the modified electrode showed a wide linear dynamic range of 0.04-2.0 μM with a detection limit of 10.0 nM for the voltammetric determination of RXF. The prepared modified electrode showed high sensitivity, stability and good reproducibility in response to RXF, confirming its usability for the accurate determination of trace amounts of RXF in pharmaceutical and clinical preparations.

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