A general bioheat model at macroscale

We develop a general bioheat transport model at macroscale for biological tissues with the required closure provided. The model shows that both blood and tissue macroscale temperatures satisfy the dual-phase-lagging (DPL) energy equations. Due to the coupled conduction between the blood and the tissue, thermal waves and possibly resonance may appear in bioheat transport. The blood–tissue interaction yields a very rich effect of the interfacial convective heat transfer, the blood velocity, the perfusion and the metabolic reaction on blood and tissue macroscale temperature fields. Examples include: (i) the spreading of tissue metabolic effect into the blood DPL bioheat equation, (ii) the appearance of the convection term in the tissue DPL bioheat equation due to the blood velocity, and (iii) the appearance of sophisticated heat source terms in energy equations for blood and tissue temperatures.