Evaluation of gasoline-ethanol-water ternary mixtures used as a fuel for an Otto engine

► ETBE, TAME and palmitic acid promote water tolerance in ethanol-gasoline blends. ► Water quality produced no difference in water tolerance of ethanol-gasoline blends. ► NO and NOx emissions were impressively reduced when burning E40h (10% hydrous). ► Some metal parts of the fuel pump are not fully compatible to ethanol fuels.