Comparative investigation of regulated emissions and nano-particle characteristics of light duty vehicles using various fuels for the FTP-75 and the NEDC mode

► Regulated and PM emission, CO2 were closely related with vehicle modes and fuels. ► PN concentrations of vehicles were the highest during the cold start phase and first tip-in of modes. ► Nucleation particles below 23 nm were the main component of PN from gasoline and LPG fueled vehicles. ► Nucleation and accumulation particles above 23 nm were mostly emitted from diesel fueled vehicles.