Three dimensional CFD simulation of pneumatic coal injection in a direct reduction rotary kiln

► 3-D numerical simulation of pneumatic coal injection process in a direct reduction rotary kiln is presented. ► Multiphase Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD approach is used in the simulation. ► Two-way coupling, particle dispersion and radiation are included in the model. ► Both cold model and hot model simulation results are presented after successful validations.