Experimental investigation of the behavior of non-esterified rapeseed oil in a diesel engine mechanical fuel injection system

► Low-cost clamp-on sensors useful in injection timing studies. ► Increased ignition delay of rapeseed oil partly compensated by earlier injection. ► Heated rapeseed oil warms up or cools down before reaching the injectors. ► Heating of the fuel past 55-60 °C had minor effects and did not lower emissions.