New insight into 4-nitrobenzene diazonium reduction process: Evidence for a grafting step distinct from NO2 electrochemical reactivity

► 4-Nitrobenzene diazonium reduction was studied by electrochemical and XPS techniques. ► In aqueous media the grafting process was found to be distinct from NO2 reduction. ► Diazonium grafting may be performed at significantly lower overpotential. ► The electrochemical properties of the interface depend on the grafting potential.