Lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection in an open enclosure subjugated to water/copper nanofluid

► In this paper Lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection in an open enclosure which subjugated to water/copper nanofluid has been investigated. ► Calculations perform for Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 104-106), volume fractions of nanoparticles (0≤φ≤0.05) and open enclosure aspect ratios (0.5≤A≤2). ► The decrease in aspect ratio and Rayleigh number enhancement resulted in augmentation of heat transfer. ► Growth of naoparticles volume fraction increases the heat transfer at various aspect ratios and Rayleigh numbers.