Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties

Turbulent flow and heat transfer of three different nanofluids (CuO, Al2O3 and SiO2) in an ethylene glycol and water mixture flowing through a circular tube under constant heat flux condition have been numerically analyzed. New correlations for viscosity up to 10% volume concentration for these nanofluids as a function of volume concentration and temperature are developed from the experiments and are summarized in the present paper. In our numerical study, all the thermophysical properties of nanofluids are temperature dependent. Computed results are validated with existing well established correlations. Nusselt number prediction for nanofluids agrees well with Gnielinski correlation. It is found that nanofluids containing smaller diameter nanoparticles have higher viscosity and Nusselt number. Comparison of convective heat transfer coefficient of CuO, Al2O3 and SiO2 nanofluids have been presented. At a constant Reynolds number, Nusselt number increases by 35% for 6% CuO nanofluids over the base fluid.