Laterally loaded rigid piles with rotational constraints

Several advantages of the solutions are identified against the prevalent p-y curve based approach. To estimate the key parameter pu, values of the resistance factor Np (=ratio of pile-soil limiting resistance over the undrained shear strength su) are deduced using the current expressions against available normalised pile capacity involving the impact of gapping (between pile and soil), pile movement mode, pile slenderness ratio, inclined loading angle (anchored piles) and batter angles (lateral piles). The Np is characterised by: (i) An increase from 5.6-8.6 to 10.14-11.6, as gapping is eliminated around lateral piles and caissons, and from 1.0-6.1 to 2.8-9.8, as translation is converted into rotation mode of footings. (ii) Similar variations with slenderness ratio between anchors and caissons (without gapping), and among anchors, caissons and pipelines (with gapping). And (iii) A reduction with loading angles (anchors) resembling that with batter angles (piles).