Agglomeration and reactivity of nanoparticles of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and clays in cement pastes and effects on compressive strength at ambient and elevated temperatures

The agglomeration state of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, bentonite, and halloysite nanoparticles (NPs) in solutions, including simulated cement environments, and their agglomeration and reactivity within the cement paste were evaluated. In water, all NPs formed agglomerates, while sonication and addition of polycarboxylate-based, high range water reducer generally decreased the agglomerate size. Agglomeration of NPs was observed in the chemical environment of hydrating cement paste. The bridging role of Ca2+, charge balancing, screening by K+, and pH were identified as factors controlling agglomeration. TiO2, bentonite, and halloysite NPs enhanced the cement paste residual compressive strength after exposure to elevated temperature.