Numerical modeling and investigations of 3D devices with ferroelectric layer fully embedded in a paraelectric environment

We investigate three-dimensional devices made up of a ferroelectric layer that is fully embedded in a paraelectric environment, by modeling based on the Ginzburg-Landau formalism as well as on the Electrostatics equations, and boundary conditions that are suitable for applications. From finite element approximations and inexact Newton techniques for solving numerically the resulting nonlinear system, we develop two numerical protocols. The first protocol concerns a determination of states related to the system and incorporates a process of heating as well as of cooling of devices, in terms of the temperature, whereas the second one is devoted to the existence study of hysteresis loops. The efficiency of these protocols is particularly emphasized from numerical simulations.