Removal of silver nanoparticles by coagulation processes

- This study investigated the removal of AgNP suspensions by four regular coagulants.
- The optimal removal efficiencies for the four coagulants were achieved at pH 7.5.
- The removal efficiency of AgNPs was affected by the natural water characteristics.
- TEM and XRD showed that AgNPs or silver-containing NPs were adsorbed onto the flocs.