Seawater desalination for agriculture by integrated forward and reverse osmosis: Improved product water quality for potentially less energy

▸ An analysis of an integrated forward and reverse osmosis desalination process is presented. ▸ Integrated process can achieve boron and chloride levels suitable for agricultural irrigation. ▸ Integrated forward and reverse osmosis process consumes less energy than a conventional two-pass RO process. ▸ Challenges to further development of the integrated process are discussed.