Role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor coupled with worm reactor

► The effect of the worm reactor on the fouling potential of EPS was investigated. ► The cake filtration of the S-EPS led to a relative slower rate of flux. ► The preferential adsorption substances were proteins on both EPS fouling layers. ► The bio-cake formed by the S-EPS was thinner and more porosity. ► The S-EPS had to overcome stronger repulsive energy approaching the membrane surface.