Context-dependent olfactory learning monitored by activities of salivary neurons in cockroaches

► We report context-dependent discrimination learning of salivation in cockroaches. ► One of a pair of odors was paired with reward in one visual context. ► Another odor was paired with reward in another visual context. ► Salivary neurons exhibited increased responses to rewarded odors in both contexts. ► This learning system is ideal for studying brain mechanisms of nonelemental learning.