Gain analysis in photonic crystal lasers using modified complex plane-wave expansion method

► Gain analysis for 0.78 μm GaAlAs lasers with 1- and 2-dimensional photonic crystal. ► Imaginary wave-vector in the complex plane-wave expansion method is modified. ► Variations of gain dispersion of each photonic mode with temperature are presented. ► Experimental temperature range of photonic mode operations is explained.