Park-and-ride service design under a price-based tradable credits scheme in a linear monocentric city

This study conducts a multimodal analysis in a competitive railway/highway system along a linear traffic corridor. A price-based tradable credits scheme is introduced into the park-and-ride (P&R) design in which the credit price is determined by the government. The C-logit model is used to analyze the linear monocentric city's route choice behavior. A bi-level programming model is proposed to study the P&R location problem. The upper level minimizes the social cost by optimizing the quantity and location of P&R stations and the price-based tradable credits scheme. The lower level is to determine the equilibrium assignments on the multi-mode network. Finally, a numerical example is used to investigate the effects of the price-based tradable credits scheme, bodily congestion in transit carriages and P&R facilities' investment on social cost, traveler behavior and P&R locations. It is found that besides the price-based tradable credits scheme, bodily congestion and P&R facilities investment also have an important influence on the P&R location design and the social cost.