Gynaecological causes of abdominal pain

Gynaecological causes of abdominal pain may arise from conditions associated with pregnancy and the non-pregnant state, and patients may present as emergencies or to Outpatient Clinics. This contribution focuses on those conditions most likely to present to a surgical trainee. Guidance on management (particularly with respect to investigations and referral for gynaecological assistance) is discussed. By considering gynaecological causes of abdominal pain in a variety of conditions - including, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriages, complicated ovarian cysts, endometriosis, or ovarian tumours - this review article considers a number of conditions for patients in emergency or non-emergency situations, presenting in pregnant or non-pregnant states.