Alkali doped polyvinyl alcohol/graphene electrolyte for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells

A significant enhancement of the graphene/PVA composite membranes' transport properties are obtained with optimum graphene loadings; i.e., a ∼126% improvement of ionic conductivity and a ∼55% reduction of methanol permeability were achieved with a graphene loading of 0.7 wt%, resulting in a significant enhancement of the cell's performance (∼148% improvement in maximum power density).