The effect of Brij® surfactants in sol-gel processing for the production of TiO2 thin films

Changing the surfactant type and concentration had a significant effect on the film microstructure, such as changing the particle size from 400 to 25 nm. Such structural changes led to an increase in the photocatalytic activity with an observed reduction in dye half-life from 16.5 to 3 min.