Nanoscopic observations of stress-induced formation of graphitic nanocrystallites at amorphous carbon surfaces

The formation of graphitic nanocrystallites at the surface of amorphous carbon under large mechanical stresses was examined by using micro-Raman spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and in-situ compressions. In the Raman analyses of severely deformed (above a strain energy density criterion of 5.9 J/m2) surface regions of nanoscratched and nanoindented amorphous carbon films, two additional sharp and narrow peaks, DGr and GGr at 1330 and 1580 cm−1, appeared from the main unchanged broad spectra, revealing the transformation of some small-range amorphous carbon to nanocrystalline graphite. Transmission electron microscopic images presented the formation of surface shear layer within which dispersed graphitic nanocrystallites (a size of about 3 nm) were formed in the remaining amorphous matrix. The in-situ nanoscopic observation of amorphous carbon nanopillars under compressions confirmed the formation of graphitic nanocrystallites at pillar edge surfaces. The formed graphite (0 0 1) and (1 0 0) lattices were well oriented along maximum resolved shear stresses, being an evidence of lattice reconstruction and suggesting a possibility of stress-induced graphitization of amorphous carbon in the absence of heat.