Determining shoreline response to sea level rise

The Bruun rule is the most widely used method for determining shoreline response to sea level rise. It assumes that the active portion of an offshore profile rises with rising sea level, and the sand required to raise the profile is transported from the shoreline. It is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of the Bruun rule because sea level rise often has a lesser effect on shoreline change than that produced by sand sources, sinks, and longshore transport gradients. In addition, some shorelines have advanced seaward with rising sea level. Dean (1987) showed that equilibrium profile theory predicts that rising sea levels produce landward sand movement forced by nonlinear waves. This paper presents an equation with terms representing all phenomena affecting shoreline change including Bruun-rule recession, onshore sand transport, sand sources and sinks, and longshore transport gradients. As an example of its use, rates of onshore transport are determined along the 275-km Florida southwest coast, USA, and a 19-km portion of this coast using known values for sand sources, sinks, and longshore transport gradients. Then future shoreline changes are projected for both coasts from 2015 to 2065 and for the southwest coast from 2015 to 2100, using sea level rise projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Beach nourishment is shown to be a very effective adaptation strategy for sea level rise with shoreline change projections useful to estimate required rates of beach nourishment to counter sea level rise.